Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle for Biosensing Application. Answer: Introduction Nanotechnology refers to research and development of technology conducted at the nanoscale level to create materials, structures, and systems with improved functionalities and properties(Devi Dhanalakshmi, 2012). The new properties of these materials have improved their properties such as reactivity, electrical conductivity, and much more. This paper provides as review of the applications of nanotechnology in various fields and in particular Mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles have found application in various setting and this paper reviews the materials application in the detection of glucose, bio mimicking, and diagnosis and imaging. The application in the detection of microorganisms and detection of cancer are also discussed herein. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Detecting Microorganisms Rapid selective detection of bacteria and the subsequent degradation of the pathogenic bacteria have biomedical, defense, and environmental significance. Biosensors that have been improved using nanotechnology have improved ultra-sensitiveness, cost-effective, and offer faster detection over conventional detectors(Izquierdo-Barba, Manzano, Colilla, Vallet-Reg, 2008). Micro and mesoporous silica are porous and have optical transparency(Trewyn, Giri, Slowing, Lin, 2007). These properties allow encapsulation of large amounts of sensing molecules in each particle and optical detection in layers of material(Trewyn, Giri, Slowing, Lin, 2007). These properties represent added functionalities that the material have and enables their application in biosensors. Escherichia coli (E. coli) are Gram-negative bacteria that have been studied widely(Matheli-Guinlet, et al., 2016). Among these studies, it has been determined several nanomaterials composed of metal oxides, silver, and others are bactericidal towards E. coli. These nanomaterials can disrupt the integrity of the membrane and prevent the production of reactive oxygen species. The biosensor containing the mesoporous silica nanoparticles in form of SiO2-NPs can then be used to detect the bacteria. With modifications will allow the E. coli detection to be estimated using cyclic voltammetry and measurements of QCM-D using oxydo-reduction reactions and frequency shifts of mass deposition and dissipation respectively(Hasanzadeh, NasrinShadjou, Guardiac, Eskandani, Sheikhzadeh, 2012). The nanomaterial in this case allows the investigation into the effects of antibacterial agents on cell behavior and the integrity and elasticity of the cell membrane. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Drug delivery systems have embraced nanotechnology due to the high surface areas and pore volumes in the silica materials(Hurley, 2011). The mesopore adsorbs the new molecules to its surface without the help of any functional group to control the release of the adsorbed substance(Kwon, Singh, Perez, Neel, Kim, Chrzanowski, 2013). One study determined that a mesoporous structure with pores shaped liked channels and packed hexagonally could load more drug molecules and release them over a considerable duration of time(Trewyn, Giri, Slowing, Lin, 2007). Oxides of gold and iron have been used extensively in anti-cancer therapy in combination with other biomolecules. The nanoparticles of the two metals demonstrate great properties such as controlled drug release, reduction of dose used in conventional methods, and systemic absorption of cytotoxic drugs by guiding them to the target tumor cells(Kwon, Singh, Perez, Neel, Kim, Chrzanowski, 2013). However, these nanoparticles have poor solubility and high cost. The nanoparticles can also lead to blockage of the bloodstream with continued use. Thus, mesoporous silica nanoparticles have emerged as favorites in drug delivery because the unique mesopore structure that preserves a level of chemical stability, biocompatibility, and surface functionality as it carries out controlled release of the drug substance(Kwon, Singh, Perez, Neel, Kim, Chrzanowski, 2013). Application in Diagnosis and Imaging Nanotechnology has also been used in the diagnosis, imaging, and detection of diseases. For example, in breast cancer, a transmembrane glycoprotein called Mucin-1 (MUC1) is a suitable target for nanoparticulate imaging because it is aberrantly expressed on about 90% of the cancer(Drau, Alvarez-Berrios, M., Mukherjee, Vivero-Escoto, 2016). In one study a dye-doped NIR emitting mesoporous silica nanoparticles platform was conjugated to a tumor-specific antibody of MUC1 to conduct in vivo detection of breast adenocarcinoma(Drau, Alvarez-Berrios, M., Mukherjee, Vivero-Escoto, 2016). In vitro studies were also conducted and these determined that MSN-based optical nanoparticle probes used in imaging were not toxic and perfectly targeted the mammary cancer cells that are over-expressed in the human tMUC1 protein(Drau, Alvarez-Berrios, M., Mukherjee, Vivero-Escoto, 2016). List of References Devi, R. P., Dhanalakshmi, K. (2012). Applications of mesoporous silica nanomaterial: An overview. International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences, 4:1-9. Drau, D. M., Alvarez-Berrios, M., M., T., Mukherjee, P., Vivero-Escoto, J. (2016). Mucin-1-Antibody-Conjugated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Selective Breast Cancer Detection in a Mucin-1 Transgenic Murine Mouse Model. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 12(12), 2172-2184. Hasanzadeh, M., NasrinShadjou, Guardiac, M. l., Eskandani, M., Sheikhzadeh, P. (2012). Mesoporous silica-based materials for use in biosensors. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 33, 117-129. Hurley, M. (2011). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as drug delivery systems and diagnostic tools. University of Maryland Libraries . Izquierdo-Barba, I., Manzano, M., Colilla, M., Vallet-Reg, M. (2008). Silica-Based ordered mesoporous materials for biomedical applications. Key Engineering Materials, 377: 133-150. Kwon, S., Singh, R. K., Perez, R. A., Neel, E. A., Kim, H.-W., Chrzanowski, W. (2013). Silica-based mesoporous nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Journal of Tissue Engineering, 4, 2041731413503357 doi: 10.1177/2041731413503357. Matheli-Guinlet, M., Gammoudi, I., Beven, L., Morot, F., Delville, M.-H., Grauby-Heywang, C., et al. (2016). Silica Nanoparticles Assisted Electrochemical Biosensor For The Detection And Degradation Of Escherichia Coli Bacteria. Procedia Engineering, 168, 1048-1051. Sweeney, S. K., Luo, Y., ODonnell, M. A., Assouline, J. (2016). Nanotechnology and cancer: improving real-time monitoring and staging of bladder cancer with multimodal mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Cancer Nanotechnology, 7:3 10.1186/s12645-016-0015-8. Trewyn, B. G., Giri, S., Slowing, I. I., Lin, V. S.-Y. (2007). Mesoporous silica nanoparticle based controlled release, drug delivery, and biosensor systems. Chemical Communications, 31, 3236-3245.