Weber A The Protestant Ethic Sociology Essay

Weber A The Protestant Ethic Sociology Essay Marx Weber in his writing entitled The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, has had an enduring impact on the field of economic history. Weber presents the argument that religion in certain forms and ways had a critical influence modern capitalist economy and society. He believes that Puritan ethics and ideas influenced the development of capitalism. He supports his argument by examining the relationship between the ethnics of ascetic Protestantism and the beginnings of modern capitalism. Weber presents the problem of linking religion to the spirit of capitalism. He explains different religions and how they play into his study. Weber begins by comparing the differences between Catholics and Protestants. Although Weber admits that through history some of the richer areas tended to covert to Protestantism and that Protestants generally had a greater inherited wealth, this does not entirely explain the greater participation in capitalism shown by the Protestants. He believes that environment has a great effect on determining choice of occupation, but that Protestants have also shown a strong tendency to develop economic rationalism more so than Catholics. One explanation Weber provides for this is that Catholics tend to be more otherworldly than Protestants and therefore do not put as much importance on material gains. Weber mention s Catholics show a stronger propensity to remain in their crafts that is they more often become master craftsmen, whereas the Protestants are attracted to a larger extent into the factories in order to fill the upper ranks of skilled labour and administrative position (Weber, 3).Catholics answer with the accusation that materialism results from the secularization of all ideals through Protestantism (Weber, 4). Even though Catholic gets involved in economic activities, Protestants have stronger tendency to develop economic rationalism and Catholic criticizes Protestants materialism. He bases his argument on his observations in Germany and elsewhere, and this is why he focuses his argument on the Protestants. Weber also explains about the spirit of capitalism. There are conceptualizing the spirit of capitalism. Weber presents excerpt from the wirings of Benjamin Franklin. Franklin writes that time is money, credit is money, and the good paymaster is lord of another mans purse. Frankli ns moral beliefs are useful to promote profit for individuals. Weber mentions It is, namely, by no means exceptional, but rather the rule, for him to have a sort of modesty which is essentially more honest than the reserve which Franklin so shrewdly recommends (Weber, 19). In addition, Weber mentions about the importance of accepting capitalistic system to make money. He says the capitalistic system so needs this devotion to the calling of making money it is an attitude toward material goods which is so well sited to that system, so intimately bound up with the conditions of survival in the economic struggle for existence( Weber, 19).Weber also makes a point about calling and reformation. Weber does not think that calling explain the spirit of capitalism. Weber mentions that Luther developed the conception and activity as a reformer. However, Weber says that Martin Luther was a traditionalist and so believed in obedience to Gods will and acceptances of the way things are, that Luth eranism did not have great significance in the development of the capitalistic spirit. Weber argues that there is no relationship between the spirit of capitalism and reformation and tries to see how religion has impact on material cultures development. Weber says we have no intention whatever of maintain such a foolish and doctrinaire thesis, as that the spirit of capitalism could only have arisen as the result of certain effects of the Reformation, or even that capitalism as an economic system is creation of the Reformation (Weber, 28). Weber also mentions four principal forms of ascetic Protestantism which are Calvinism, Pietism, Methodism, and Baptist movement. He continues by explaining some of the values involved with these other sects although its clear that Calvinism will be the most important to his argument. Weber assumes that Calvinism influences in Western Europe in the seventeenth century. He notices that western Europe had followed Calvinist Protestantism. Calvinists saw their work as a calling from God and it was a moral duty. God does not exist for men, but men for the sake of God. All creation, including of course the fact, as it undoubtedly was for Calvin, that only a small proportion of men are chose for eternal grace, can have any meaning only as means to the glory and majesty of God( Weber, 33). They believed in the elect. They are chosen and predestined by God. However, Lutheran Protestantism was different. It believed that people could earn a place in Heaven through good works on earth.It seems capitalist ideology, but Lutheran Protestantism encouraged people to earn no more than they needed to survive. The problem with Calvinist Protestantism was that they did not know they would go to hell or heaven. Weber mentions on the one hand it is held to be an absolute duty to consider oneself chosen, and to combat all doubts are temptations of the devil(Weber, 37). Their uncertainty led them to work hard and that was for Gods favor. So their hard work led to the development of capitalism. They denied comfort and pleasure to themselves and despised laziness and hedonism. They made money for its own sake. Weber emphasizes that the spirit of capitalism is the values and attitude behind making money. Weber concludes that religion could cause economic change. Pietism is closely connected with Calvinism and gets influences by Lutheran Protestantism. However according to Weber it has an uncertain basis for asceticism and is therefore less consistent than Calvinism. Methodism has a simi lar uncertain foundation similar to Pietism and is also has some key differences from Calvinisms doctrinal basis. And finally the Baptist sects had quite a different foundation than Calvinism. Finally, Weber wants to figure out the relationships between ascetic Protestantism and the spirit of capitalism. Overall, Webers intent was to prove the positive correlation between capitalist spirit and Protestant religion. B. Choose one article from the list at the end of this exam In the article, Ethnic Differences in Endorsement of the Protestant Work Ethic: The Role of Ethnic Identity and Perceptions of Social Class by Kevin Cokley, Komarraju, Pickett, Shen, Patel, Belur, and Rosales, examined ethnic differences in endorsement of the Protestant work ethic (PWE) among Black and White college students and differences in ethnic identity and perceptions of social class mediated the relationship between ethnicity and the endorsement of PWE values. The Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) is an important aspect of U.S and authors mentions the traditional American values which have been associated with White culture, includes individualism, competition, orientation, and the PWE. Authors mention the PWE is a value system that stresses the moral value of work, self-discipline, and individual responsibility in forming a way to improve ones economic well-being (Cokley et al 2007: 76). They found that the PWE is related to attributions of greater personal obligation. However, Niles stated that there seems to be a stronger commitment to a Protestant work ethic among non-Protestant cultures. They found that the PWE is now more a reflection of culture than of religious values or nationality. Authors examined multi cultural differences in the PWE within the United States and their goal was to find which ethnicity might affect endorsement of the PWE. According to Cokley et al, differences in the importance of ethnic identity arise among ethnic minorities and Whites and ethnic identity caries in importance and strength among ethnic group members. They say we believed that cultural values like the PWE that promote individual responsibility while minimizing the impact of societal oppression on ethnic minorities such as Blacks would be negatively related to ethnic identity they also found that well- educated individuals are less likely to endorse PWE values due to the fact that well- educated individuals are more likely to be aware of systems of oppression, such as racism, sexism, homophobia. In addition, the PWE is also related to social class. They figure out Blacks face more negative perceptions about their work ethic from employers than do Whites and that employer see inner-city poor Blacks as especially problematic (Cokley et al 2007:79). Authors used three measures which are Protestant Ethic Scale (PES), Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (NEIM), and Demographic sheet. After they examined, they found that Black students the PWE was not significantly correlated with ethnic identity. Blacks were higher in ethnic identity than were Whites, but the relationship between ethnic identity and PWE was not significant. However, they found that ethnic identity and perceptions of social class can count for ethnic differences in endorsement of the PWE. Black students had a significantly lower PWE compared with White students. This indicates that they were less likely to believe that works hard will succeed. They mention the Black students or their close friends and family members may have had experiences that led them to believe that an individuals life outcomes are influences by much more than simply hard work because there ae other external, uncontrollable social forces( racism, sexism, discrimination) that can influence outcomes more than does ones own individual effort. On the other hand, whites are opposite. They tend to believe a strong positive relationship between working hard and achieving success. It indicates that White students were more likely to endorse PWE beliefs than were Black students. They mention the most significant result of this study was the emergence of perceptions of social class as the only significant mediator (Cokley et al 2007: 85). It shows that upper middle class and upper class had a significantly stronger PWE than working class or middle class among Whites, but not Blacks. They argue that social class in an important because they believe that social class might influence the cultural psychology of different ethnic groups. They mention the Blacks in the present study, regardless of perceived social class, were less likely to endorse the PWE, perhaps because they may have experienced first hand that the application of the PWE does not always result in meritocratic economic outcomes (Cokley et al 2007: 87). 2. A. Basic elements of bureaucracy that Weber describes. In the article, Bureaucracy, Weber believes that bureaucracy is a particular type of administrative structure developed through authority. Weber attributes the development of bureaucracy to the increase in rationalization in modern societies. Weber says Bureaucracy, thus understood, is fully developed in political and ecclesiastical communities only in the modern state, and, in the private economy, only in the most advanced institutions of capitalism (Weber 1946:196). Weber argues that bureaucracies have existed in places such as Egypt, the Roman Catholic Church, and China. Weber mentions a certain measure of a developed money economy is the normal precondition for the unchanged and continued existence, if not for the establishment, of pure bureaucratic administrations (Weber 1946:205). Bureaucracy is organized as a hierarchical system of offices that are governed by rules. For Weber the term bureaucracy are inseparable from the term rationality. According to Weber, there are ways of developing bureaucracies rational which are functional specialization, clear lines of hierarchical authority, expert training of managers, and decision making based on rules. Weber argues that such specialization is essential to a rational bureaucracy. His idea of functional specialization applies to persons within an organization and to relations between larger units or divisions of the organization. For example, work was broken down into many special tasks and employees were assigned few such tasks. Divisions of large organizations require clear lines of authority organized in a hierarchy. And division of labour is more fundamental that the others because it initiates and orders other divisions of labour. In addition, hierarchical authority is required in bureaucracies so that highly trained experts can he properly used as managers. He argues that managers at all levels have to be trained for their specific jobs. He mentions the demand for administration by trained experts is considerable, and the party followings have to recognize an intellectually developed, educated, and freely moving public opinion, the use of unqualified officials falls back upon the party in power at the next election(Weber 1946:201). Development is greatly furthered by the social prestige of the educational certificates acquired through such specialized examinations. This is all the more the case at the educational patent is turned to economic advantage (Weber 1946:241). Weber mentions the importance of education which can develop economic. Lastly, Weber makes a point that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with carefully developed rules and principles that can be learned and applied and that transactions and decisions must be recorded so that rules can be reviewed. He mentions the management of the office follows general rules, which are more or less stable, more or less exhaustive, and which can be learned (Weber, 1946:198). Weber sees bureaucracy as one of the most important causes of the development of capitalism specifically. B. The strengths and dangers of bureaucracy that Weber describes. According to Max Weber, that bureaucracy are the most efficient form of administration and inevitable in the modern society. Weber offers a positive of bureaucracy through his ideal description of the administrative system as a rational and efficient type of organization. Bureaucracy is an administrative structure through hierarchical relations and pre-established spheres of competence. the large corporation as a type of bureaucratic organization that rivaled the state bureaucracy in achieving rational efficiency and calculated results (Rubenstein 1978:55). One of the strengths of bureaucracy is conduct of official business in strict accordance with the duty of every member, chosen through impersonal criteria to perform designated tasks subject to strict rules of practice. He mentions Precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of the files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict, subordination, reduction of friction and of material and personal costs, these are raised to the optimum points in the strictly bureaucratic administration. (Weber1946: 214). Also, Weber says that the organizations structuring into a vertical hierarchy to be governed by the rights to supervision and appeal. The military is an example of bureaucratic organization. Weber says Specifically, military discipline and technical training can be normally and fully developed, at least to its modern high level, only in the bureaucratic army (Weber 1946:222). Its specific nature, which is welcomed by capitalism, develops the more perfectly the more the bureaucracy is dehumani zed, the more completely it succeeded, in eliminating form official business love, hatred, and all purely personal, irrational, and emotional elements which escape calculation( Weber 1946:216). However, Weber also fears that people would become too controlled by people who are superior and too much rules and regulations deprive of peoples freedom. Weber argues about the consequences of bureaucracies in modern societies. He feels they represented a grave threat to individual liberty. Also, bureaucracy provides structure of domination. Governance in a class-based society resulted to abuse of power of the tope leadership resulting to corruption, and political infighting. A bureaucracy is organized as a hierarchical system of offices that are governed by rules. Each office has a sphere of tasks, and the offices operate and interact according to an explicit se of procedures. Power resides in offices. Office holders merely act out the responsibilities of their offices. furthermore, He notes No machinery in the world functions so precisely as this apparatus of men and, moreover, so cheaplyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rational calculation, reduces every worker to a cog in this bureaucratic mach ine and, seeing himself in this light, he will merely ask how to transform himself into a somewhat bigger cog..The passion for bureaucratization drives us to despair (Weber). Power is exercise by bureaucrats whose interest is in regulation rather than principles. Individual are lost in the vast machinery of the bureaucratic organization. These bureaucracies become structures of domination. They govern social action on a regular basis, and they establish and sustain patterns of inequality. Weber mentions the bureaucratic tendency has chiefly been influenced by needs arising from the creation of standing armies as determined by power politics and by the development of public finance connected with the military establishment (Weber 1946:212). Weber implies that the decisive reason for the advance of bureaucratic organization has always been its purely technical superiority over any other form of organization (Weber 1946:214). the fully developed bureaucratic mechanism he was aware of the fact that actual bureaucracies seldom achieve the level of efficiency of the ideal type he had constructed( Rubenstein 1978:23). Webers writings on bureaucracy are part of a larger attempt to understand the social and political structure and the values of modern Western civilization (Rubenstein 1978:27). 3. According to Marx, the class struggle under capitalism is between those who own the means of production, the ruling class or bourgeoisie and those who labor for a wage, the working class or proletariat. the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of call struggles( Marx, Engels 1848,3). The worker is as part of the machinery. a class of laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labor increases capital( Marx, Engels 1848,8). Weber also describes that the ruling class makes the rules that structure society. Marx made a set of demands which are 10points programs. He believes that the implementation of those policies would lead to a classless and stateless society. A. The Cunning of History by Rubenstein mentions as uprooted men and women were forced to move from the countryside to the cities, they had little choice but to accept the subsistence wages offered to them in the mills and factories. The alternative was starvation. There was an abundant labor supply and its cost was kept at a minimum (Rubenstein 1978:55). Even though there are criticisms, bureaucracy remains an important administrative system. Weber recognizes the ideal benefits of bureaucracy. http://www.dailyfinance.com/article/gates-says-urgent-need-to-cut-defense/1052189/ http://www.paperarticles.com/2009/06/singapore-at-50-managing-change.html According to the newspaper, Singapore at 50: Managing change gives a good example of efficient bureaucracy which helps to increase economic. http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw08.html it provides the possibility for government to function effectively and efficiently, leading the larger and larger societies, with increasingly complex and diverse ways of life for its citizens. Beyond government, numerous other social organizations, both in the public and private sectors have developed bureaucratic forms of leadership, which have succeeded in advancing the goals of their organizations. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Bureaucracy( good thing, bad thing)

Sleep Deprivation Among College Students Essay -- Sleep Deprivation Es

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sleeping is something that is an essential part of human nature and is a must in order for one to be a functional human being. Sleep is an idea that is accompanied by many wives’ tales, including the ideas that one needs seven to eight hours of sleep each night and alcohol helps one fall asleep and sleep more soundly. One myth about sleep is that during sleeping, one is in a state of nothingness. In truth, however, it has been discovered that during sleep the brain is active, variations in heartbeat and breathing occur, and the eyes and ears are active throughout the time of sleep. These activities during a person’s sleep are important because they help that person be more aware, awake, and alert during consciousness. If all of these important activities occur during sleep, why is it that people are so willing to short themselves of this vital activity? Although much about sleep still remains a mystery, research and experiments continue to show how i mportant sleep is to each and every person. Throughout this paper, I will discuss sleep and the effects that it has on performance and health, especially in college students. A college student’s sleeping pattern is a reliable indicator to their level of performance in the classroom and other school-affiliated activities, as a lack of sleep leads to decreased performance. Sleep is directly related the level of performance and health in an individual; the more rested a person is, the better that person will perform and feel (Dryer, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One question that people seem to be unsure about is exactly how much sleep is enough sleep? In Inside Insomnia: How to Sleep Better Tonight, Dryer tells that the ideal amount of sleep may vary from person to person. She states that while seven to eight hours may seem to be the accepted average, there are no fixed norms. Some people sleep two hours nightly, while others sleep nine to twelve hours nightly without complaint. She goes on to say that as long as the hours of sleep that one has gotten leaves them feeling energetic and alert the next morning, then that person has met their sleep needs. Sleeping in excess does not always allow the person to feel more awake the next morning. Dryer believes that trying to sleep longer than needed will lead to hours of tossing and turning, and not necessarily feeling more awake the next morning. Basically, the ideal amount of sle... ...nied by misperceptions, illusions, and even hallucinations due to the lack of needed sleep (Zammit). Although rare and extreme, cases such as these have been documented. Sleep deprivation can also be detrimental when associated with emotional trauma. When deprived of sleep during a time of emotional distress, people are at a greater risk of becoming psychotic and needing electroshock therapy. While many of these effects are rare, they all have been known to exist. Research shows that sleep is a necessity in order for someone to be able to perform at their maximum potential. College students are no exception to the rule and are often at a greater risk to suffer from conditions that accompany sleep deprivation. Regardless of the time period, a college student must be well rested in order to perform at his or her best in terms of physical performance, memorization capabilities, and test-taking abilities. Also, without adequate sleep, the person will be more susceptible to illnesses, both mental and physical. In conclusion, I believe that sleep deprivation among college students is extremely common and has a direct effect on how well that student will perform or feel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Ethnicity and the Immigrant Experience

Ethnicity and the Immigrant Experience When thinking about immigration, most individuals imagine all different types of ethnic groups traveling to a separate land away from their own. Most imagine America. Immigration, throughout history, has occurred within all types of ethnicities. When taking a closer look at the individuals living in America, it is apparent that everyone is not exactly like one another. Assimilation becomes a popular word used when discussing migration, and both positives and negatives come along with it.Two theorists that discuss the meaning of assimilation in their writings are Stephen Steinberg in his book, Ethnic Myth, and Milton Gordon in his book Assimilation in American Life. They discuss issues regarding assimilation and how they affect the nation as a whole. A novel written by Chang-Rae Lee titled, Native Speaker, gives specific examples as to how the assimilation process affects others and the migrants themselves, as also described in both Steinberg and Gordon’s books.In Steinberg’s book, Ethnic Myth, he discusses with his readers the issues regarding ethnic identity and assimilation. This is presented and explained in the chapter titled, The Atrophy of Ethnic Cultures. He first talks about the idea of the â€Å"melting pot† and how it should not be analyzed lightly. He gives a quote from John Higham that says, â€Å"Loud assertions of pluralism almost invariably betray fears of assimilation† (Steinberg, 59). This means that minority groups that try to maintain their cultural traditions may, in fact, risk assimilation by doing so.Another point he brings to the surface is that when looking back at second or third generations of a specific minority group, these people still can relate back to their original traditions and culture identity. He then says, â€Å"But can the same be said of the new generation which has known only the Americanized version of the original culture? † (Steinberg, 60). This is an obvious prevailing issue when it comes to preserving ones culture.An example within the novel, Native Speaker, would be when Henry, the main character described as a Korean immigrant, explains the history with his father. His father, living in America, would gather with friends and participate in ggeh’s, or â€Å"money clubs. † Here they would win money and eventually, that is all that mattered to the Korean group. The shift from typical Korean traditions to owning all this land and money in American became a vast transformation. Henry says about his father, â€Å"In America, he said, it’s even hard to stay Korean. These alterations from one ethnic experience and tradition to another can be lost very quickly and potentially never be replenished. Throughout both Steinberg and Gordon’s writing, they both have similarities and differences when regarding assimilation. Gordon talks about these â€Å"ethnic meetings† which refer to assimilation. Throughout Gordon’s chapter titled, The Nature of Assimilation, he gives a numerous amount of definitions from theorists and writers that differ in various ways.In an essay that Gordon leaves the author anonymous in this chapter defines assimilation as â€Å"the process by which different cultures, or individuals or groups representing different cultures, are merged into a homogenous unit. Here Gordon talks about assimilation as positive, whereas Steinberg takes a different approach. Steinberg suggests that assimilation is not always a positive aspect simply because it can result in the loss of a cultural identity. This is present in Native Speaker because Henry continuously tries indulging himself into American culture.He cannot fully accomplish this, which essentially results in his wife, Lelia, leaving him in the beginning of the novel. As there are differences within Steinberg and Gordon’s readings, they do agree upon their understanding of the nature within assim ilation. Gordon says that cultural behavior changes â€Å"may take place in the cultures of either one of the two groups, or there may be a reciprocal influence whereby the cultures of both groups are modified† (Gordon, 62).Steinberg agrees with this statement because he suggests that the changing of one’s culture is at high risk when incorporated into a different culture. He says, â€Å"The ethnic crisis only begins with the fact that the core elements of traditional culture have been modified, diluted, compromised, and finally relinquished† (Steinberg, 62). Both writers describe this lack of identity in one way or another. Assimilation is apparent in any society, especially America. People of different backgrounds continuously trying to come together to create one nation is a crucial aspect in society today.Steinberg, Gordon, and Lee all discuss how assimilation has issues when it comes to preserving ones ethnic traditions and identity. What they all convey to readers however, is the fact that the merging of cultures will forever be essential and inevitable. Works Cited Steinberg, Steven. The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978. Print. Lee, Chang-Rae. Native Speaker. New York: Riverhead Books, 1995. Print. Gordon, Milton. The Nature of Assimilation. Oxford University Press, 1964. eBook.

The Food Stamp Program And The Supplemental Nutrition...

Formerly known as the Food Stamp Program (FSP), The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest federal nutrition-assistance program and exists to protect low-income Americans from hunger and its associated consequences by increasing access to food. Approximately 44 million people received SNAP benefits this year as of August of 2016.1 Due to the fact that low-income Americans tend to have problems with obesity and poor diet2,3, it would make sense that there would be interest to endorse healthy choices by means of federally nutrition assistance programs.4 However, there is insufficient evidence to require SNAP participants to spend a certain percentage of their benefits on healthy foods because food stamp participation may not contribute to poor diet quality, restrictions may not be effective in changing what food stamp participants purchase, and there is no solid evidence that exists that Food Stamp Program participation directly leads to obesity. This policy is not necessary for a variety of reasons. For one, participation in the Food Stamp program may not necessarily contribute to poor diet quality. A statement released by the USDA claims that food stamp recipients are equally likely to choose foods with minimal nutritional value as those who do not receive food stamp benefits4. In a recent evaluation and analysis of many instances of data about the quality of SNAP participant’s diet differences from those with a similar income who are notShow MoreRelatedThe Food Stamp Program Has Been Renamed Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe food stamp program has been renamed Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), but for many people, it is the only source of income for food. Following the guidelines of this project, I started with a weekly budget of a mere $60 for my family of two. 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Environmental Pollution, Problems and Control Measures

Environmental pollution, problems and control measures A. Introduction and definition of environmental pollution – We know that, a living organism cannot live by itself. Organisms interact among themselves. Hence, all organisms, such as plants, animals and human beings, as well as the physical surroundings with whom we interact, form a part of our environment. All these constituents of the environment are dependent upon each other. Thus, they maintain a balance in nature. As we are the only organisms try to modify the environment to fulfill our needs; it is our responsibility to take necessary steps to control the environmental imbalances. The environmental imbalance gives rise to various environmental problems. Some of the environmental†¦show more content†¦Ozone (O3) depletion has resulted in UV radiation striking our earth. The gaseous composition of unpolluted air The Gases Parts per million (vol) Nitrogen 756,500 Oxygen 202,900 Water 31,200 Argon 9,000 Carbon Dioxide 305 Neon 17.4 Helium 5.0 Methane 0.97-1.16 Krypton 0.97 Nitrous oxide 0.49 Hydrogen 0.49 Xenon 0.08 Organic vapours ca.0.02 Harmful Effects of air pollution – (a) It affects respiratory system of living organisms and causes bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia etc. Carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from motor vehicles and cigarette smoke affects the central nervous system. (b) Due to depletion of ozone layer, UV radiation reaches the earth. UV radiation causes skin cancer, damage to eyes and immune system. (c) Acid rain is also a result of air pollution. This is caused by presence of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur in the air. These oxides dissolve in rain water to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid respectively. Various monuments, buildings, and statues are damaged due to corrosion by acid present in the rain. The soil also becomes acidic. 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Why Is Learning A Language - 1387 Words

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Collaborative Supply Chain Relations Free-Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss the Challenges faced by Pharmaceutical Company. 2.Which of these Challenges Provide the Best Opportunity for LVTLS and Why? Answers: 1.Pharmaceutical Challenges from 2008 Global Great Recession The challenges reported in literatures that face pharmaceuticals in Mid-Atlantic States of Pennsylvania and Lansdale were caused by the Global great recession of 2008 in United States. Reports showed that the recession did destroy a worth value of financial assets that was owned by US households. The recession was caused by drop in property prices in United States affecting other countries economies as well. Economists explained the sequence that led to recession. Theoretically explanations are that Low mortgage prices led households and investors to buy speculating increases in prices in the future. The buying of property led to more demand for real estates more households bought more properties from cheap credits. In the long run the prices did crumble down leading to a crisis (Lennerns, H. Langguth, P. Yamashita, S. Crommelin, D. 2014, 1). Several families were unable to pay for these credits. Formal sources stated that the overall effect of the crisis was felt by several countries and individual businesses. There were large deficits in several countries economies, and collapse in major business. Majority of the banks did change their perception and could no longer offer credits due to high risks. Lack of credit facilitation led to liquidity crisis that affected global financial systems. Business and firms were unable to get financial support for the business (Lennerns, H. Langguth, P. Yamashita, S. Crommelin, D. 2014, 16). Other effects of the great global reported in written sources included: job loses, trade flows collapsing; unemployment increased, and led to sluggish in real wages payments. Households were affected with increase in food and energy crisis, and were unable to obtain any financial support. Several countries suffered lower economic growth, value less exports, and increase in poverty index. Pharmaceutical firms were affected too in Pennsylvania and Lansda le. The firms had to cut down productions and some relationship with business partners. The firms had to cut down relationships with the governments. In economic market when prices decline consumption of medicine decline too. During this period the pharmaceutical firms were highly affected because the crisis led to lower consumption of medicines (Novac, N. 2013, 45). The financial crisis showed that if the country GDP drops it affects consumption levels of pharmaceutical products. The financial crisis reduced income levels among households and individuals as a result had to cut down part of their consumption of medicine, food, and energy. Lower consumption among households reduced the percentage of pharmaceutical products being sold in Pennsylvania and Lansdale. The aftermath of any recession is searching for better ways to make survival. Pharmaceutical firms then were faced with challenge of trying to look for strategic ways of increasing consumption of medicines and lowering their expenditure costs. Some of the pharmaceuticals cut down costs by shortening distribution channels and closing down some of the supply outlets. The financial crisis led other governments to increase value added tax (TAX) to products like medicines in order to support the ailing economy. The direct increase of the tax led to increase in prices for pharmaceutical products. Price increase of medicines directly affected the number of it being bought. The consumption levels of medicines dropped that affected several pharmaceutical firms in Pennsylvania and Lansdale. Their business dropped down they were unable to make substantive sales to support their running costs (Gilmour, P., 2013, 34). They were then faced with the challenge of better ways of increasing sales without adding prices for the medicines. Other notable finding was in differential in brand consumption of medicine. Consumption of medicines for acute illness decreased compared to those of chronic illnesses. The pharmaceutical firms were faced with challenges of promoting consumption of certain brands of medicines. The global great recession led many countries to tail down government budget spending on health services. The recession affected several of government policies. Reduction of the budget affected health care services in respective countries. Fewer medicines were made available to hospitals and supply of them reduced too. Firms supplying the medicine lacked business because they could not continue working with the government. Pharmaceutical firms in Pennsylvania and Lansdale had a challenge of looking for different business partners to replace the government. The challenge created more competition among the pharmaceutical because the customer outlets had reduced. The firms had a challenge of trying to remain competitive in the industry. Better competitive strategies for pharmaceutical firms could have been useful in increasing business (Yang, Y. Sung, C. 2016, 34). In Pennsylvania and Lansdale an increase of fees on health care was documented. The increase was an extra burden for patients for they had to shoulder it. The extra fees covered prices for pharmaceutical medicines. Increase in health care fees directly has an impact it makes it unaffordable to many poor families. Financial recession did also affect health insurance policy patients in Pennsylvania and Lansdale because they were unable to pay for their premiums and that led to their covers to be discontinued (Stahl-Timmins, W. White, M. Depledge, M. Fleming, L. Redshaw, C. 2013, 56). Both factors contributed to lower consumption of medicines which did affect supply by pharmaceutical firms. Business in the industry had to face the challenge in trying to manage decreasing consumption levels among patients. In general pharmaceutical firms in Pennsylvania and Lansdale were faced with challenges during the global recession of reducing operational costs, increasing consumption levels, coming up with new partnerships business, and increasing sales of certain brands of medicines. They were also looking for better ways of using new technology and supply chains. 2.Lvtls Opportunity to Pharmaceutical Challenges Economists and theorists explain that amongst challenges there are opportunities existing. Lehigh Valley transport and logistics service (LVTLS) was established in 1960 by Mason it is a local carriage company dealing with pickup and delivery services. The company has been able to strategize and capitalize on the increasing market in Pennsylvania and Lansdale. The company is currently utilizing Information systems and technology in its operations. In addition it has developed other logistics systems for distribution and storage (Singh, S. Bharati, S. Kumar, M. 2013, 9). After the financial recession the company was focusing cost control and creating relationships to cover current and future economic volatility. The financial recession in 2008 did affect several pharmaceutical firms in Pennsylvania and Lansdale and it resulted to several challenges to the industry. The management of LVTLS was focusing to use the challenges and convert them into opportunities. A collaborative strategy involves a close participation of parties involved. LVTLS employed collaborative relationship in its supply chain management with several pharmaceutical firms in Pennsylvania and Lansdale (Awan, N. Khan, M. 2015, 7). The main aim was to provide a logistic system solution that provides fast transportation, decentralized warehousing system, sharing information and having a rapid order processing (Fanti, M. Iacobellis, G. Ukovich, W. Boschian, V. Georgoulas, G. Stylios, C. 2015, 56). The agreement between LVTLS and pharmaceutical firms focused on improving future collaborations. The agreements were guided by three principles of category management, product replenishment, and enabling technologies. In category management the supplier and customer work on the product category to improve marketing strategies (Wang, G. Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. Papadopoulos, T., 2016, 23). Product replenishment involved a process of minimizing total risks. Use of enabling technology involved practicing and employing suitable technologies in supply chain management. The use of technology is seen by the firm where it has employed LVTLS in managing information with pharmaceutical firms. Collaborative relationship refers to a means where companies in a supply chain are working to unified common goal (Grabara, J. Kolcun, M. Kot, S. 2014, 45). Collaboration in supply chain management explains an integrative supply chain where independent companies act as a single entity managed by customer demand. Employment of strategies in a collaborative relationship between firms is proved to improve share of profits, reduction of risks, knowledge and informations. LVTLS was intending to join a strategic supply collaboration that will the following intensions of breaking down barriers between collaborative parties, having a higher level of trust, allowing efficient flow of real information among strong trading partners, and formulating an agreed framework of collaborations. The various pharmaceutical firms were focusing to remove the challenges they were facing especially of a lower demand of products. The collaborative logistics policy is empirical proven to be a suitable solution to these challenges (Guarnieri, P. Sobreiro, V. Nagano, M. Serrano, A. 2015, 45). The relation involved pharmaceutical firms outsource its logistic activity to a third party. The third party chosen was LVTLS. Any good logistic system ensures that products meet the purchasing rights (right quality, right time, right place, right quantity, and right price) (Grabara, J. Kolcun, M. Kot, S. 2014, 45). Business firms need to employ a supply strategy that covers good collaborations, integrations, communications, sharing of resources and mitigation of risks. LVTLS employed a collaborative logistics strategy with pharmaceutical firms which covered significant solutions for costs reductions, improved supply chain efficiency, and creation of flexibility among trading partners in order to meet consumer demands (Kabir, M. 2013, 6). The focus of the collaborative relation was to provide necessary support and value a ddition for pharmaceutical firms in order to meet customer needs (Selviaridis, K. Norrman, A. 2015, 34). LVTLS use of technology and information systems was critical in improving efficiency and transformation of supply chain systems. The product quality in supply chain between the LVTLS and pharmaceutical firms was achieved by employing a good process for quality (Wang, B. Hu, L. Siahaan, T. 2016, 45). Quality was achieved by having a shared flat form supported by use of technology which allowed shared flow of materials and information from vendors and customers (Hsu, C. Tan, K. Mohamad Z. 2016, 45). The use of new technologies is useful in managing supply chain between each party capability by improving performance. LVTLS and pharmaceutical firms have employed information sharing policy which allows sharing of customer information. The IS links the communication system of both parties (Potter, A. Lalwani, C. Disney, S. Velho, H. 2016, 34). Example of IS system was the data processing information system (DIS) and distribution processing information system (DIS). The IS and technology was useful in collecting information regarding inventory levels, sales data, tracking/tracking orders, sales forecast, performance metrics, and delivery schedule (Kaufmann, L. Carter, C. Rauer, J. 2016, 34). The use of technology became a useful tool in sharing information between the LVTLS and pharmaceutical firms. It facilitated easy decision making among the parties in the relationship. The agreement between LVTLS and pharmaceutical firms agreed to have a collaboration supply chain system which contains a risk mitigation mechanism. The plan was to ensure that risks are reduced in entire process of delivery to final consumer. Part of the agreement was to have a scheduled and planned logistic management. The system specified time schedules and quantity to be delivered. Any bad supply chain logistic system allows risks which disrupts operations thus leading unnecessary costs. The agreement between the parties was on sharing of delivery risks. The performance of fewer loses originating from products is measured upon the good logistic and supply chain (Gorton, F., 2013, 67). Fewer risks can be reported on how well warehousing, distribution and retailing are managed well (Schnsleben, P. 2016, 3). LVTLS and pharmaceutical firms employed a horizontal type of collaborations which is suitable for non- competing companies. The relationship was characterized by sharing of warehouse space, sharing of deliveries to retailers, sharing of costs together and buying infrastructure together (Harms, D. Hansen, E. Schaltegger, S. 2013, 23). The relationship was critical in facilitating mutual gain cost relationship (McKinnon, A. 2013, 24). It tries to build long lasting relationships between the parties involved. The collaboration of the firms in supply chain management explains an integrative supply chain where independent companies act as a single entity managed by customer demands (Verhetsel, A. Kessels, R. Goos, P. Zijlstra, T. Blomme, N. Cant, J. 2015, 45). Conslusion The financial crisis that occurred in 2008 in United States affected several industries, economies and countries. To be able to capitalize on rising opportunities and promote good business understanding logistic collaboration relation approach was necessary. The collaborative relationship supply chain between LVTLS and pharmaceutical involved offering the firms warehouse services and delivery services. Strategic collaborations have been known to bore fruits for parties involved. Both parties were able to share information using information technology through a well-defined information sharing points. Every party becomes responsible and accountable to the relationship. The strategic relationship resulted to several benefits which include: increased efficiency, reduction in costs, lower investment risks and costs, improved customer responsiveness, flexibility to changing market conditions, and improved customer service. LVTLS was looking for suitable strategies and approaches for its l ogistics and transport system. The supply chain collaborative relationship was able to solve some of the challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry and made them to remain a float during and after the great recession crisis of 2008. References Awan, N.H. and Khan, M.S., 2015. The Impact of the logistics outsourcing of activities of Supply chain in Pharmaceutical industry in Karachi. Market Forces, 10(2), pp.23-69 Fanti, M.P., Iacobellis, G., Ukovich, W., Boschian, V., Georgoulas, G. and Stylios, C., 2015. A simulation based Decision Support System for logistics management. Journal of Computational Science, 10, pp.86-96. Gilmour, P., 2013. Benchmarking supply chain operations. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Vol4 (7), pp.23-56 Gorton, F., 2013. Logistics Management and Strategy. International Journal of Operations Production Management. Vol.3 (45) pp.23 Grabara, J., Modrak, V. and Dima, I.C., 2014. Sustainable logistics and business competitiveness. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (26), pp.148-156. Grabara, J., Kolcun, M. and Kot, S., 2014. The role of information systems in transport logistics. International Journal of Education and Research, 2(2), pp.28-36. Guarnieri, P., Sobreiro, V.A., Nagano, M.S. and Serrano, A.L.M., 2015. The challenge of selecting and evaluating third-party reverse logistics providers in a multi criteria perspective: a Brazilian case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96, pp.209-219. Harms, D., Hansen, E.G. and Schaltegger, S., 2013. Strategies in sustainable supply chain management: an empirical investigation of large German companies. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 20(4), pp.205-218. Hsu, C.C., Tan, K.C. and Mohamad Zailani, S.H., 2016. Strategic orientations, sustainable supply chain initiatives, and reverse logistics: empirical evidence from an emerging market. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 36(1), pp.86-11 Kabir, M.I., 2013. Reverse logistics in pharmaceutical industry. International journal of supply chain management, 2(1), pp.23-56 Kaufmann, L., Carter, C.R. and Rauer, J., 2016. The Coevolution of Relationship Dominant Logic and Supply Risk Mitigation Strategies. Journal of Business Logistics, 37(2), pp.87-106. Lennerns, H., Langguth, P., Yamashita, S. and Crommelin, D.J., 2014. Theme issue 5th World Conference on Drug Absorption, Transport and Delivery. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences: official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61, p.1. McKinnon, A.C., 2013. Starry-eyed: journal rankings and the future of logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 43(1), pp.6-17. Novac, N., 2013. Challenges and opportunities of drug repositioning. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 34(5), pp.267-272. Potter, A., Lalwani, C., Disney, S. and Velho, H., 2016. Modelling the impact of factory gate pricing on transport and logistics. In Developments in Logistics and Supply Chain Management (pp. 231-239). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Schnsleben, P., 2016. Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Selviaridis, K. and Norrman, A., 2015. Performance-based contracting for advanced logistics services: Challenges in its adoption, design and management. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 45(6), pp.592-617. Singh, S., Bharati, S. and Kumar, M., 2013. Strategic framework for reverse logistics in pharmaceutical industry. Indian Insfitute of Informafion Technology, Asian Journal of Business Management, 1(1), pp.11-28. Stahl-Timmins, W., White, M., Depledge, M., Fleming, L. and Redshaw, C., 2013. The Pharma Transport Town: understanding the routes to sustainable pharmaceutical use. Science, 339(6119), pp.515-515. Verhetsel, A., Kessels, R., Goos, P., Zijlstra, T., Blomme, N. and Cant, J., 2015. Location of logistics companies: a stated preference study to disentangle the impact of accessibility. Journal of Transport Geography, 42, pp.110-121. Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E.W. and Papadopoulos, T., 2016. Big data analytics in logistics and supply chain management: Certain investigations for research and applications. International Journal of Production Economics, 176, pp.98-110. Wang, B., Hu, L. and Siahaan, T.J., 2016. Drug delivery: principles and applications. John Wiley Sons. Yang, Y.C. and Sung, C.Y., 2016. Service quality improvement strategies for liner-carrier-based global logistics companies. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 8(4), pp.456-487